Systems, apparatus, and methods for continuous authentication

ABSTRACT

Systems, apparatus, and methods for continuously authenticating individuals are provided. A continuous authentication system receives first biometric authentication information from an individual. The system compares the first biometric authentication information to stored first biometric information to identify the individual and links the identified individual to a device for obtaining second biometric authentication information. The device for obtaining second biometric authentication information continuously receives second biometric authentication information. The continuous authentication system compares the received second biometric authentication information to stored second biometric information that corresponds to the individual to determine if the received second biometric authentication information corresponds to the individual. The individual may be granted access to one or more access points if it is determined that the received second biometric authentication information corresponds to the individual.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/550,074, filed Nov. 21, 2014, which is a continuation of Ser. No.13/026,992, filed Feb. 14, 2011, which is a non-provisional of andclaims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/304,723 filed Feb. 15, 2010, all of which are incorporated herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to authenticating individuals. Morespecifically, the invention relates to continuously authenticatingindividuals using biometric authentication information.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a variety of situations, authenticating an individual's identity isdesirable. For example, before an individual can access a securedresource (e.g., a secure computer network), the network provider maywish to authenticate data about the individual, such as his identity,his security clearance level, his physical location, etc. In anotherexample, access to a secured facility (e.g., a secured building or asecured room) may require authentication of an individual's identity. Insome instances, an individual may need to be identified on a continuingbasis.

Further, obtaining authentication information to authenticate anindividual may be difficult if the individual is wearing personalprotective equipment (PPE), e.g., gloves, goggles, masks, hats, chemicaland/or bio-hazard equipment, etc. In many of these situations, theindividual may not be able to remove the PPE in order to provideauthentication information.

SUMMARY

Systems and methods consistent with the present invention provide a newcapability for continuously authenticating individuals using biometricauthentication information. Systems and methods consistent with thepresent invention allow an individual to be authenticated withoutinterrupting the individual's workflow, even if the individual iswearing PPE.

Further, systems and methods consistent with the present inventioninclude a device that receives first and second biometric authenticationinformation from an individual. The device may be linked to theindividual based on the first biometric authentication information. Thedevice may also continuously receive the second biometric authenticationinformation from the individual. This information may be processed bythe device or sent to another device for processing, in order tocontinuously authenticate the individual. The first and second biometricauthentication information may be different types of biometricauthentication information. For example, the biometric authenticationinformation may include one or more of an individual's fingerprint, irisscan, facial image, electrocardiogram (ECG), skin tone, subdermalbiomarkers, skin characteristics, breathing rate, oxygen content, bloodpressure, skin conductivity, etc.

Some embodiments of the present invention provide a radiation source andsensor to spectroscopically analyze molecules on an individual's skin orin an individual's body so as to continuously authenticate theindividual. The radiation source may be calibrated to irradiate theindividual with radiation of a wavelength that targets a particularmolecule. Similarly, the radiation sensor may be calibrated to detect areflection within a wavelength range that targets a particular molecule.For example, in some embodiments, the radiation source and sensor may becalibrated at different wavelengths within the visible light, infrared,and/or near-infrared spectrums. In other embodiments, the radiationsource may irradiate an individual at a range of wavelengths and may useinformation related to a spectral pattern of reflection and/orabsorbance in order to authenticate the individual.

Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth inpart in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious fromthe description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Theobjects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained bymeans of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in theappended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of theinvention and together with the description, serve to explain theprinciples of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a continuous authentication system, consistentwith embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a continuous authentication device, consistentwith embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a biometric authentication informationacquisition process, consistent with embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a continuous biometric authentication process,consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5A is a top view of an exemplary continuous authentication device,consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5B is a bottom view of an exemplary continuous authenticationdevice, consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary electrocardiogram that may be collected by one ormore of sensors, consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a peak irradiation wavelength and peakdetection wavelength band determination process, consistent withembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a process for consecutively detecting thepresence of multiple molecules, consistent with embodiments of thepresent invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be usedthroughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a continuous authentication system 100,consistent with embodiments of the present invention. The components andarrangements in continuous authentication system 100 may be varied.

Continuous authentication system 100 may include system controller 110,continuous authentication devices 120, and access points 130 connectedby one or more networks, such as networks 140 and 150, for example.Access points 130 may be located in a secured area or located at entryways or checkpoints for a secured area. For example, in someembodiments, access points 130 may control access to a secured computeror to an entry way to a secured area. Continuous authentication devices120 may each be linked to an individual and may continuously obtainauthentication information to authenticate the individual on acontinuing basis. For example, in certain embodiments, continuousauthentication devices 120 may be worn under or may be integrated intoan individual's PPE so that continuous authentication can be performedwithout removing the PPE. Thus, continuous authentication devices 120may collect biometric information periodically, in real-time, forexample.

Although four continuous authentication devices 120 a, 120 b, 120 c, and120 d are depicted in FIG. 1, any number of continuous authenticationdevices may be included in continuous authentication system 100. Eachcontinuous authentication device 120 may be linked to an individual andmay continuously collect authentication information from the individual.For example, continuous authentication devices 120 may include one ormore sensors to collect biometric authentication information regardingone or more of, e.g., an individual's fingerprint, iris scan, facialimage, ECG, skin tone, subdermal biomarkers, skin characteristics,breathing rate, oxygen content, blood pressure, skin conductivity, etc.

Each continuous authentication device 120 may use the biometricauthentication information collected from the individual to authenticatethe individual's identity. For example, in some embodiments, continuousauthentication device 120 a may store previously collected biometricdata that corresponds to the individual with whom continuousauthentication device 120 a is linked. As continuous authenticationdevice 120 a continuously collects biometric authentication informationfrom the individual, it may perform biometric authentication analysis,comparing the biometric authentication information it collects to thestored biometric data. This analysis may be used to determine if theindividual that continuous authentication device 120 a is testing is, infact, the individual to whom continuous authentication device 120 a islinked. For example, if the individual that is being tested is not theindividual to whom continuous authentication device 120 a is linked, itmay be determined that there is a security risk. This process will bedescribed in greater detail below.

Continuous authentication system 100 may also include system controller110. System controller 110 and continuous authentication devices 120 maycommunicate with each other via network 140. For example, if continuousauthentication device 120 a determines that the individual from whom itis collecting information is not the individual to whom it is linked,continuous authentication device 120 a may send an error message tosystem controller 110.

Also, in some embodiments, continuous authentication device 120 a maysend the biometric authentication information it collects to systemcontroller 110. System controller 110 may then perform biometricauthentication analysis to determine if the individual from whom thebiometric authentication information was collected is the correctindividual. This process will be described in greater detail below.

In some embodiments, system controller 110 may include a processor 111,a nonvolatile storage 112, a memory 113, and input/output (I/O) devices(not shown). System controller 110 may be a general purpose computer, aserver, a mainframe computer, or any combination of these components.

Processor 111 may be one or more known processing devices, such as amicroprocessor from the Pentium™ or Xeon™ family manufactured by Intel™,the Turion™ family manufactured by AMD™, or any of various processorsmanufactured by Sun Microsystems. Memory 113 may be one or more storagedevices configured to store information used by processor 111 to performcertain functions related to disclosed embodiments. Storage 112 may be avolatile or non-volatile, magnetic, semiconductor, tape, optical,removable, nonremovable, or other type of storage device orcomputer-readable medium.

In some embodiments, memory 113 may include one or more continuousauthentication programs loaded from storage 112 or elsewhere that, whenexecuted by system controller 110, perform various procedures,operations, or processes consistent with disclosed embodiments.

Methods, systems, and articles of manufacture consistent with disclosedembodiments are not limited to separate programs or computers configuredto perform dedicated tasks. For example, memory 113 may be configuredwith continuous authentication program 114 that performs severalfunctions when executed by processor 111. For example, memory 113 mayinclude a single program 114 that performs functions of the continuousauthentication system, or program 114 may comprise multiple programs.Moreover, as described in greater detail with regard to FIG. 2,continuous authentication device 120 may also include programs thatperform functions related to continuous authentication.

System controller 110 may include one or more I/O devices (not shown)that allow data to be received and/or transmitted by system controller110. I/O devices may also include one or more digital and/or analogcommunication input/output devices that allow system controller 110 tocommunicate with other machines and devices, such as continuousauthentication devices 120, access points 130, and/or user computers(not shown). The configuration and number of input and/or output devicesincorporated in I/O devices may vary as appropriate for certainembodiments.

Although four continuous access points 130 a, 130 b, 130 c, and 130 dare depicted in FIG. 1, any number of access points may be included incontinuous authentication system 100. Access points 130 may includephysical access points, e.g., a locked doorway, and/or electronic accesspoints, e.g., a secure computer network. Continuous authenticationdevices 120 may communicate with access points 130 via network 150. Forexample, if continuous authentication device 120 a determines that theindividual from whom it is collecting biometric authentication data isthe individual to whom it is linked, continuous authentication device120 a may communicate with access point 130 c indicating that theindividual has been authenticated. Upon receiving information that theindividual has been authenticated, access point 130 c may grant theindividual access, for example.

Networks 140 and 150 may include any one of or combination of wired orwireless networks. For example, networks 140 and 150 may include wirednetworks such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and/ora digital network. Likewise, networks 140 and 150 may include anywireless networks such as radio frequency identification (RFID),microwave or cellular networks or wireless networks employing, forexample, IEEE 802.11 or Bluetooth protocols. Additionally, networks 140and 150 may be integrated into any local area network, wide areanetwork, campus area network, or the Internet.

In some embodiments, networks 140 and 150 may be a single network. Forexample, networks 140 and 150 may be combined in a single network thatconnects system controller 110, continuous authentication devices 120,and access points 130. Further, in some embodiments, another network(not shown in FIG. 2) may directly connect system controller 110 toaccess points 130.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a continuous authentication device 120,consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Continuousauthentication device 120 may include I/O devices 221 and 222, processor223, memory 224, storage 225, and sensors 226 and 227, for example. Thecomponents and arrangements in continuous authentication device 120 maybe varied. For example, while continuous authentication device 120 isshown in FIG. 2 as having two I/O devices 221 and 222 and two sensors226 and 227, any number of I/O devices and/or sensors may be used.

I/O devices 221 and 222 may be used to communicate with systemcontroller 110 and/or access points 130 via a network. For example, insome embodiments, I/O device 221 may communicate with system controller110 and I/O device 222 may communicate with access points 130. In oneembodiment, I/O device 221 may communicate with system controller 110using a wireless protocol such as 802.11, for example, and I/O device222 may communicate with access points 130 using active or passive RFID,for example.

Sensors 226 and 227 may collect biometric authentication informationfrom an individual. For example, sensors 226 and 227 may collectbiometric authentication information regarding one or more of, e.g., anindividual's fingerprints, iris scan, facial image, ECG, skin tone,subdermal biomarkers, skin characteristics, breathing rate, oxygencontent, blood pressure, skin conductivity, etc. In some embodiments,sensors 226 and 227 may include a light source. In some embodiments oneor more of sensors 226 and 227 may collect biometric data on acontinuing basis.

Processor 223 may be one or more known processing devices, such as amicroprocessor from the Pentium™ or Xeon™ family manufactured by Intel™,the Turion™ family manufactured by AMD™, or any of various processorsmanufactured by Sun Microsystems. Memory 224 may be one or more storagedevices configured to store information used by processor 223 to performcertain functions related to disclosed embodiments. Storage 225 may be avolatile or non-volatile, magnetic, semiconductor, tape, optical,removable, nonremovable, or other type of storage device orcomputer-readable medium.

In some embodiments, memory 224 may include one or more continuousauthentication programs loaded from storage 225 or elsewhere that, whenexecuted by processor 223, perform various procedures, operations, orprocesses consistent with disclosed embodiments. For example, in someembodiments, the programs, when executed, may cause continuousauthentication device 120 to collect biometric data via sensors 226 and227 and store the data.

In some embodiments, continuous authentication device 120 may performbiometric authentication analysis on the data. For example, continuousauthentication device 120 may store previously collected biometricinformation regarding an individual to whom it is linked, and maycompare the biometric authentication information it collects to thepreviously collected biometric information to authenticate theindividual. If the individual is authenticated, continuousauthentication device 120 may communicate this information with systemcontroller 110 and/or access points 130. Similarly, if the individual isnot authenticated, continuous authentication device 120 may communicatethis information with system controller 110 and/or access points 130.

In other embodiments, continuous authentication device 120 maycontinuously collect biometric authentication information via one ormore of the sensors 226 and 227 and send the biometric authenticationinformation to system controller 110 via I/O device 221 or 222. In theseembodiments, system controller 110 may perform the biometricauthentication analysis. For example, system controller 110 may storepreviously collected biometric information and compare the biometricauthentication information received from continuous authenticationdevice 120 to the previously collected biometric information toauthenticate the individual. System controller 110 may communicate aresult of the analysis with continuous authentication device 120 and/oraccess points 130.

As discussed above, system controller 110 and/or continuousauthentication device 120 may store previously collected biometricinformation regarding an individual to use in authenticating theindividual. FIG. 3 is a flowchart 300 of a biometric informationacquisition process, consistent with embodiments of the presentinvention. The process may be used for acquiring and storing thepreviously collected biometric information into a database so that itcan be compared with the biometric authentication information that iscollected by continuous authentication device 120. For example, theexemplary process described in flowchart 300 may be performed by asystem administrator or security supervisor when an individual isinitially given access to a secure facility. Additionally, the exemplaryprocess described in flowchart 300 may also be performed at differenttime intervals, e.g. yearly, monthly, etc., to acquire a recent sampleof biometric information from the individual.

The process begins at step 310 where non-biometric identificationinformation is collected from the individual. For example, theindividual may be required to present an identification card, driver'slicense, employee number, password, etc., to verify the individual'sidentity. At step 320 the non-biometric identification is stored in adatabase. For example, the non-biometric identification information maybe stored in a database at system controller 110, continuousauthentication devices 120, or elsewhere.

At step 330 first biometric information is obtained from the individual.For example, first biometric information may include informationregarding one or more of, e.g., an individual's fingerprints, iris scan,facial image, ECG, skin tone, subdermal biomarkers, skincharacteristics, breathing rate, oxygen content, blood pressure, skinconductivity, etc. This information may be collected by one or moresensors capable of gathering such data. For example, in someembodiments, sensors 226 and/or 227 may be used to collect the firstbiometric information. In other embodiments, separate devices may beused to collect the first biometric information.

At step 340, first biometric information is stored in a database. Forexample, the first biometric information may be stored in the samedatabase as the non-biometric identification information, so that thefirst biometric information for a certain individual corresponds to thenon-biometric identification information for that individual.

At step 350 second biometric information is obtained from theindividual. For example, second biometric information may includeinformation regarding one or more of, e.g., an individual'sfingerprints, iris scan, facial image, ECG, skin tone, subdermalbiomarkers, skin characteristics, breathing rate, oxygen content, bloodpressure, skin conductivity, etc. This information may be collected byone or more sensors capable of gathering such data. For example, in someembodiments, sensors 226 and/or 227 may be used to collect secondbiometric information. In other embodiments, separate devices may beused to collect the second biometric information.

At step 360 second biometric information is stored in a database. Forexample, the second biometric information may be stored in the samedatabase as the non-biometric identification information and the firstbiometric information, so that the second biometric information for acertain individual corresponds to the non-biometric identificationinformation and the first biometric information for that individual.

Flowchart 300 describes acquiring first and second biometricinformation. However, a skilled artisan will understand that thisprocess may be adapted to acquire any number of different types ofbiometric information, as appropriate for the specific embodiment. Theexemplary process described in flowchart 300 may be used to generate adatabase that links an individual, based on non-biometric identificationinformation, to one or more biometric information indicators. Further,this exemplary process may be performed for each individual in a givenpopulation or group so as to associate each individual withcorresponding biometric information. This information may be stored andcompared to biometric authentication information that is collected froman individual in order to authenticate that individual's identity.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart 400 of a continuous biometric authenticationprocess, consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Theexemplary process described in flowchart 400 may be performed bycontinuous authentication devices 120 and/or by continuousauthentication system 100, for example.

The process begins at step 410 where first biometric authenticationinformation is received from an individual. For example, continuousauthentication device 120 a may receive first biometric authenticationinformation in the form of the individual's fingerprint, iris scan,facial image, ECG, skin tone, subdermal biomarkers, skincharacteristics, breathing rate, oxygen content, blood pressure, skinconductivity, etc. Continuous authentication device 120 may receive thefirst biometric authentication information via one or more sensors suchas sensors 226 and 227, for example.

In some embodiments, the first biometric authentication information maybe strong biometric authentication information, such as a fingerprint,iris scan, or facial image, for example. Strong biometric authenticationinformation may be a biometric authentication information that canidentify an individual with high probability, even among a largepopulation. For example, each individual's fingerprint, iris scan, orfacial image may be sufficiently unique so that an individual can beidentified by these biometrics with a high probability, even if there isa large population of other individuals from which to choose.

At step 420 the first biometric authentication information is comparedto corresponding stored biometric authentication information in order toidentify the individual. For example, as discussed above with regard toFIG. 3, system controller 110 and/or continuous authentication device120 may store previously collected biometric information correspondingto an individual in a database. System controller 110 and/or continuousauthentication device 120 may compare the first biometric authenticationinformation collected in step 410 to the biometric information stored inthe database to identify the individual. The process proceeds to step430.

In step 430, based on the identification in step 420, the identifiedindividual may be linked with a device for obtaining second biometricauthentication information. In some embodiments, the device forobtaining second biometric authentication information may be continuousauthentication device 120. For example, continuous authentication device120 may be linked to the individual electronically, e.g., via adatabase, such as the database associating the individual with thepreviously collected biometric information. The individual may also belinked physically to the device, for example, by attaching the device tothe individual or to an article of the individual's clothing, such asthe individual's PPE, for example. The process proceeds to step 440.

In step 440, second biometric authentication information is collectedvia the device that is linked to the individual. For example, ifcontinuous authentication device 120 is linked to the individual,continuous authentication device 120 would collect the second biometricauthentication information. The second biometric authenticationinformation may be, e.g., an individual's fingerprint, iris scan, facialimage, ECG, skin tone, skin characteristics, subdermal biomarkers,breathing rate, oxygen content, blood pressure, skin conductivity, etc.In some embodiments, the second biometric authentication information maybe the same type of biometric information as the first biometricauthentication information. In other embodiments, the second biometricauthentication information may be of a different type than the firstbiometric authentication information.

Further, in some embodiments, the first biometric authenticationinformation may be strong biometric authentication information, such asa fingerprint, iris scan, or facial image, and the second biometricauthentication information may be weaker biometric authenticationinformation than the first biometric authentication information. In someembodiments, the weaker second biometric authentication information mayinclude ECG, skin tone, subdermal biomarkers, breathing rate, oxygencontent, blood pressure, skin conductivity, etc. However, in someembodiments, the second biometric information, including, e.g., ECG,skin tone, and subdermal biomarkers may not necessarily be weaker thanthe first biometric authentication information and may even beconsidered strong biometric authentication information.

In step 450 the second biometric authentication information that wascollected is compared to the stored second biometric information that isassociated with the individual to whom the device is linked. Forexample, if continuous authentication device 120 is linked to theindividual, continuous authentication device 120 may perform thecomparison, or continuous authentication device 120 may transmit thedata to system controller 110 and system controller 110 may perform thecomparison.

In step 460, it is determined, based on the comparison in step 450,whether the collected second biometric authentication informationmatches the stored second biometric information associated with theindividual that was linked to the device in step 430. If, at step 460,it is determined that the information is a match, the process proceedsto step 470 where the individual is granted access to the access points130.

The individual may be granted access at step 470 in a variety ofdifferent ways. For example, in some embodiments, continuousauthentication device 120 may include an active or passive RFID capableof communicating with RFID readers at the various access points 130.When the individual is granted access in step 470, for example, anactive RFID may be enabled to emit continuously an authentication signalthat may be received by the RFID readers at the access points 130 whenthe individual is within a predetermined distance, e.g., three feet,five feet, etc. In other embodiments, the active RFID in the continuousauthentication device 120 may be enabled to emit an authenticationsignal when a) the individual is granted access and/or the individual iswithin a predetermined distance from the access point. Similarly apassive RFID may be activated so that it can be energized when within apredetermined distance of access points 130.

In some embodiments, continuous authentication devices 120 maycommunicate with one or more access points 130 using a wireless transferprotocol, e.g., 802.11, Bluetooth, etc. For example, an individualwearing continuous authentication device 120 a may request access toaccess point 130 b. In response, access point 130 b may query thecontinuous authentication device 120 a to provide it with a password forentry. If the individual is granted access at step 470, continuousauthentication device 120 a may provide the password to access point 130b. However, if the individual is not granted access, continuousauthentication device 130 b may not provide the password.

System controller 110 may also grant access in step 470. For example, asdiscussed above, system controller 110 may perform the comparison andauthentication in steps 450 and 460. Thus, if the collected secondbiometric authentication information matches the stored second biometricinformation, system controller 110 may communicate with access points130 to grant the individual access. For example, system controller maysend instructions to access point 130 b to grant access to theindividual linked to continuous authentication device 120 a in responseto the individual's request for access to access point 130 b.

From step 470, the process returns to step 440, where the secondbiometric authentication information is again collected via the device,and then to step 450, where the collected second biometricauthentication information is compared to stored second biometricinformation. This way, the process continuously acquires biometricinformation and compares it to the stored biometric information toauthenticate the individual on a continuing basis.

In some embodiments, the continuous authentication may be such that theprocess immediately returns to step 440 from step 470, without delay. Inother embodiments, the continuous authentication may be such that theprocess pauses for a predetermined interval of time after step 470, sothat authentication, while continuous, is performed at predeterminedintervals. These intervals may be customizable, for example.

If, on the other hand, it is determined at step 460 that the collectedsecond biometric authentication information does not match the storedsecond biometric information, the process proceeds to step 480, whereaccess to the access points is denied and an error is generated. Forexample, if continuous authentication device 120 a includes an active orpassive RFID, the RFID may be disabled so it does not emit anauthentication signal or may be deactivated so that it cannot beenergized when in the vicinity of access points 130. At step 480, anerror report may also be generated and may be sent to a user or systemadministrator, for example, to inform them that there is a possiblesecurity threat.

While the exemplary process described in flowchart 400 describesreceiving and comparing first biometric authentication information andcontinuously receiving and comparing second biometric authenticationinformation, a skilled artisan will understand that the method may bemodified to include continuously receiving and comparing any number ofbiometric authentication information. For example, in some embodiments,continuous authentication device 120 a may continuously authenticate anindividual based on a combination of multiple biometrics, e.g. anycombination of fingerprint, iris scan, facial image, ECG, skin tone,subdermal biomarkers, skin characteristics, breathing rate, oxygencontent, blood pressure, skin conductivity, etc.

While the processes described above use biometric authenticationinformation to continuously authenticate an individual, the continuouslycollected biometric authentication information may also be used todetermine an individual's state of health and/or state of mind. Forexample, the continuously collected biometric information may be used toascertain if an individual is under stress or duress, or is acting in adeceptive way or with some sort of malicious intent. For example, whenthe continuously collected biometric information is analyzed by thesystem controller 110 and/or the continuous authentication devices 120in order to authenticate the individual, the information may also beprocessed to determine if the individual is in a good state of healthand/or if the individual is under duress or acting deceptively.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are top and bottom views, respectively, of an exemplarycontinuous authentication device 500 that may be used to implementcontinuous authentication device 120, according to various embodimentsof the present invention. For example, continuous authentication device500 may include some or all of the various components shown in FIG. 2.Some or all of these may be included in center portion 510. For example,center portion 510 may include processor 223, memory 224, storage 225,one or more I/O devices, such as I/O devices 221 and 222, and one ormore sensors such as sensors 226 and 227. As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B,continuous authentication device 500 may be in the shape of a watch-likedevice that may be worn on an individual's wrist and/or ankles. Straps550 and 560 may physically link continuous authentication device 500 tothe individual.

The sensors may be disposed on the outside of the center portion 510,and may be disposed in various locations, based on the type of sensor.For example, continuous authentication device 500 may include a sensor520 on the top face of center portion 510. In some embodiments, sensor520 may be a fingerprint sensor. For example, in some embodiments, anindividual may depress a thumb or finger on sensor 520. Sensor 520 mayread the fingerprint and use it as biometric authentication information.For example, in some embodiments, sensor 520 may read the fingerprintinformation and use it as first biometric authentication information foridentifying the individual and linking continuous authentication device500 with the individual, as discussed with respect to steps 410-430 inFIG. 4.

Sensors may also be disposed in other locations on continuousauthentication device 500. For example, continuous authentication device500 may include sensors 540 a and 540 b disposed on the bottom face ofcenter portion 510, and may include sensor 570 disposed on strap 560.The sensors may be used to sense various biometrics, such as anindividual's ECG, skin tone, subdermal biomarkers, skin conductivity,etc. The number and location of sensors 540 may vary as required for aparticular embodiment.

For example, in some embodiments, sensors 540 a and/or 540 b mayspectroscopically analyze different molecules in the skin or moleculesin the body of an individual in order to authenticate the individual. Insome embodiments, the amounts of different molecules in the individual'sskin or body may be collected as second biometric authenticationinformation, and an individual may be continuously authenticated basedon this information, as discussed with respect to steps 440-470 in FIG.4. Continuous authentication processes related to spectroscopic analysisare discussed in greater detail below.

Similarly, in some embodiments, sensors 540 a and/or 540 b may include alight source and light sensor for analyzing various skincharacteristics. Such skin characteristics may include, e.g., skintexture, skin defects, other identifying skin anomalies that may bepresent on an individual, etc.

Further, in some embodiments, sensor 570 may be an electrode lead thatis used to gather information regarding an individual's ECG in order toauthenticate the individual. Specifically, the individual's ECG may becollected as second biometric authentication information, and anindividual may be continuously authenticated based on this information,as discussed with respect to steps 440-470 in FIG. 4. Continuousauthentication processes related to ECG analysis are also discussed ingreater detail below.

While continuous authentication device 500 has a watch-like shape, otherforms may be utilized to implement continuous authentication device 120.For example, in some embodiments, continuous authentication device 120may include sensitive surface, flexible sensor membranes used to capturefingerprints and/or partial palm prints of an individual on a continuingbasis. For example, the flexible sensor membranes may be integrated intoor under the fingers, finger tips, and/or palms of gloves that may beworn as part of an individual's PPE. In some embodiments, theindividual's fingerprint may be used as first biometric authenticationinformation used to identify the individual, as described in steps410-430 of FIG. 4, for example, and/or as second biometricauthentication information used to continuously authenticate theindividual, as described in steps 440-470, for example.

Similarly, in some embodiments, continuous authentication device 120 mayinclude an iris scanner used to capture images of an individual's eye ona continuing basis. For example, the iris scanner may include a digitalcamera and a near-infrared (NIR) light source that may be integratedinto an individual's PPE, such as a protective mask or safety hat. Thelight source may illuminate the surface of the individual's eye and thedigital camera may capture images of the individual's iris. Continuousauthentication device 120 and/or system controller 110 may convert theimages to digital templates to provide a mathematical representation ofthe iris. Continuous authentication device 120 and/or system controller110 may compare the digital templates to stored digital templates toprovide continuous authentication of an individual. For example, in someembodiments, the iris scan may be used as first biometric authenticationinformation used to identify the individual, as described in steps410-430 of FIG. 4, for example, and/or as second biometricauthentication information used to continuously authenticate theindividual, as described in steps 440-470, for example.

As discussed above, continuous authentication device 120 may include anRFID. In some embodiments, the RFID may provide continuousauthentication information in addition to the biometric authenticationinformation. For example, in some embodiments, the RFID of continuousauthentication device 120 may be used to provide real-time tracking ofan individual's location as well as a history of the individual'smovements. This data may be analyzed in multiple ways.

First, the real time data of the individual's location may be used bysecurity personnel to monitor a secured area. For example, error reportsmay be generated if an individual is in a location unrelated to the taskthe individual is performing or if the individual stays in a certainlocation for a lengthy period of time.

Second, the movement data of the individual may be analyzed to determineif there were any sudden movements that may indicate a security breach.For example, a sudden movement of an individual's location may signalthat the continuous authentication device was removed, or that theindividual's health or safety is at risk. Thus, in response to suddenmovements, the individual may be denied access to access points and anurgent error message may be issued.

Third, the movement data of the individual may be analyzed from a pointof view of efficiency. For example, if a history of the individual'smovements indicate that the individual is required to travel longdistances several times to complete a task, this data may be used toreorganize the individual's workspace to reduce travel time.

In some embodiments, data related to an individual's ECG may becollected and analyzed as biometric authentication information. Forexample, in some embodiments, one or more sensors 540 may be electrodesfor detecting an individual's ECG. FIG. 6 shows an exemplary ECG 600that may be collected by one or more sensors 540, consistent withembodiments of the present invention. ECG 600 may include six separatewaves: R wave 610, P wave 620, Q wave 630, S wave 640, T wave 650 and Uwave 660. Depending on the number of sensors used and the individualbeing tested, some or all of these waves may appear on the individual'sECG.

Moreover, while ECG 600 is representative of the general shape of anECG, each individual in a population may have an ECG with differentcharacteristics. For example, the length of ECG signal time between eachof the features denoted in FIG. 6 may vary among individuals.Additionally, the amplitude and shape of each feature, e.g., R wave 610,P wave 620, Q wave 630, S wave 640, T wave 650 and U wave 660 may varybetween individuals.

Another interval, not shown in FIG. 6, is the R-R interval. The R-Rinterval represents the period of time between peaks of consecutive Rwaves and its statistical moments may vary among individuals. Anindividual's R-R interval may vary depending on the individual's levelof stress or exertion that may further affect the absolute timingbetween the ECG features. The timing of these features may remaininvariant based on the fraction of ECG signal. The individual's ECGfeatures may remain invariant under conditions that increase anddecrease heart rate from a baseline measurement and may also remaininvariant over time periods exceeding a year.

In certain embodiments, the ECG data may be collected by sensors thatare located at different parts of the individual's body. For example, insome embodiments a three-lead ECG may be used where three sensors areplaced on the left wrist, the right wrist and either the left or rightankle. In these embodiments, one of the sensors may be a sensor includedin continuous authentication device 500. The other two sensors may alsobe included in separate continuous authentication devices, or may be apart of two simpler devices that include a sensor and a wired orwireless transmitter. These two devices may send information regardingthe electrical pulses being sensed for the ECG to the continuousauthentication device 500, for example. Further, in some embodiments,one or more sensors may be incorporated into a band placed on anindividual's chest. A skilled artisan will understand that othercombinations and various placements of sensors may be used to collectECG information, including two sensors, five sensors, twelve sensors,etc.

The information collected by the sensors may be analyzed and compared tostored ECG data to authenticate the individual. The comparison of thecollected ECG data and the stored ECG data may be performed as part ofsteps 450 and 460 as shown in FIG. 4, for example. In some embodiments,the comparison may include parameterizing the continuously monitored ECGsignal by analyzing the statistical moments of the R-R interval throughdetrended fluctuation analysis, wavelet filtering techniques, or Feynmanvariance techniques. Further, the shape of the ECG may also beparameterized through filtering techniques to expand the heart rateparameterization. The ECG may then be mapped in n-dimensional phasespace and applied to an adaptive learning formulation, e.g., a supportvector machine linear regression analysis, etc. Based on this analysisit may be determined, for example, at step 460, whether the individualwhose ECG is being measured is the individual to whom the continuousauthentication device 500 is linked. This way, the individual may beauthenticated on a continuing basis using the ECG signal.

In some embodiments, data related to an individual's skin tone may becollected and analyzed as biometric authentication information. Forexample, in some embodiments, continuous authentication device 500 mayspectroscopically analyze the absolute and relative amounts of differenttypes of melanin present in a person's skin.

Melanin is the primary contributor to skin color. Melanin can be brokendown into three types: phaeomelanin (red color), brown eumelanin (browncolor), and black eumelanin (black color). To the unaided eye, thesethree separate types of melanin merge to one composite skin-tone color.However, each of the three types of melanin has different spectroscopiccharacteristics. Thus, continuous authentication device 500 may usespectroscopic methods to determine the absolute and relative amounts ofeach type of melanin.

More specifically, when radiation, such as light, of a certainwavelength is irradiated on a specific type of melanin, the molecularstructure of that type of melanin may cause it to absorb some of thelight and reflect some of the light back. The intensity and wavelengthof the light that is reflected and/or absorbed depend on the molecularstructure of the melanin and are thus different for each type ofmelanin. Further, the wavelength of the light that is irradiated on themelanin may also affect the intensity and wavelength of the reflectionand absorbance patterns. In other words, the same type of melanin mayreflect and/or absorb light of a different spectral characteristic forirradiated light with a wavelength λ1 than for irradiated light with awavelength λ2. Thus, for each type of melanin to be tested, it may bedesirable to determine the peak irradiation wavelength (i.e. thewavelength of light that, when irradiated on the type of melanin,maximizes the reflection intensity from the type of melanin), and thepeak detection wavelength band (i.e. the wavelength band of light inwhich the type of melanin reflects or absorbs with the highest intensitywhen irradiated at the peak irradiation wavelength). Determining thepeak irradiation wavelength and detection wavelength band for thevarious types of melanin is described in greater detail below withrespect to FIG. 7.

To measure the different types of melanin present in an individual'sskin, continuous authentication device 500 may include awavelength-adjustable light source as one sensor, such as sensor 540 ain FIG. 5B, for example, and a wavelength-adjustable light sensor asanother sensor, such as sensor 540 b, for example. In some embodiments,the light source and the light sensor may be integrated into a singlesensor. The absolute amount of each type of melanin in the individual'sskin may be determined by irradiating the skin at the peak irradiationwavelength of the specific type of melanin and detecting a reflectionand/or absorbance within the peak detection wavelength band of the giventype. This can then be repeated for each type of melanin to determineboth the absolute amount and the relative amount of the types ofmelanin. For example, the absolute amounts of the different types ofmelanin may be represented as an intensity value of reflected and/orabsorbed light and/or as a percentage value that represents thepercentage of the irradiated light that is reflected and/or absorbed.Detecting the intensity to determine the amount of each type of melaninis described in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 8.

The individual may then be authenticated based on the determinedabsolute and relative amounts of the types of melanin. For example,system controller 110 and/or continuous authentication device 500 maystore previously collected biometric information for the individual towhom continuous authentication device 500 is linked. This biometricinformation may include, for example, the absolute and relative amountsof different types of melanin in the individual's skin. Systemcontroller 110 and/or continuous authentication device 500 may comparethe stored absolute and/or relative amounts of different types ofmelanin to the measured absolute and/or relative amounts of differenttypes of melanin to authenticate the individual. For example, if thedifferences between measured amounts and the stored amounts are within apredetermined threshold, the individual may be authenticated. In someembodiments, system controller 110 and/or continuous authenticationdevice 500 may authenticate the individual on a continuing basis asdescribed with respect to steps 440-470 in FIG. 4.

The predetermined threshold for authenticating the individual may becustomizable by, e.g., a system administrator. In some embodiments, thepredetermined threshold may be set based on the size of the populationthat has been granted access to the access points. For example, if thesize of the population is smaller, the threshold may be increased. Onthe other hand, if the size of the population is larger, the thresholdmay be decreased.

In some embodiments, data related to an individual's subdermalbiomarkers may be collected and analyzed as biometric authenticationinformation. For example, in some embodiments, continuous authenticationdevice 500 may spectroscopically analyze the absolute and relativeamounts of different subdermal biomarkers present in an individual'sbody using near-infrared (NIR) and/or infrared (IR) spectroscopy.

Subdermal biomarkers may include various molecules within anindividual's body, such as in the individual's bloodstream, for example,that may be present in relatively stable amounts, so as to be used toidentify an individual. Examples of different subdermal biomarkers mayinclude, for example, albumin, alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 2macroglobulin, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), carbon dioxide,cephalin, ceruloplasmin, chloride, choline, fibrinogen, glucosamine,glucose, haptoglobin, iron, lecithin, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium,prothrombin, sodium, sulfur, thyroxin binding prealbumin, transferrin,urea, uric acid, etc.

Similar to the discussion of detecting different types of melanin, whenradiation of a certain wavelength is irradiated on a molecule such as asubdermal biomarker, the molecular structure of that subdermal biomarkermay cause it to absorb some of the radiation and reflect some of theradiation. The intensity and the wavelength of the radiation that isreflected and/or absorbed depend on the molecular structure of thesubdermal biomarker and are thus different for each type of subdermalbiomarker. Further, the wavelength of the radiation that is irradiatedon the subdermal biomarker may also affect the intensity and wavelengthof the reflection and/or absorbance. In other words, the same type ofsubdermal biomarker may reflect and/or absorb radiation of a differentspectral characteristic for irradiated IR or NIR with a wavelength λ1than for irradiated IR or NIR with a wavelength λ2. Thus, for each typeof subdermal biomarker to be tested, it may be desirable to determinethe peak irradiation wavelength (i.e. the wavelength of IR or NIR that,when irradiated on the subdermal biomarker, maximizes the reflectionintensity from the subdermal biomarker), and the peak detectionwavelength band (i.e. the wavelength band of IR or NIR within which thesubdermal biomarker reflects and/or absorbs at the highest intensitywhen irradiated at the peak irradiation wavelength). Determining thepeak irradiation wavelength and detection wavelength band for thevarious types of subdermal biomarkers is described in greater detailbelow with respect to FIG. 7.

To measure the different types of subdermal biomarkers present in anindividual's body, continuous authentication device 500 may include awavelength-adjustable radiation source as one sensor, such as sensor 540a, for example, and a wavelength-adjustable radiation sensor as anothersensor, such as sensor 540 b, for example. The radiation source and theradiation sensor may be capable of emitting and sensing radiation in theNIR and/or IR spectrums, for example. In some embodiments, the radiationsource and the radiation sensor may be integrated into a single sensor.

The absolute amount of a subdermal biomarker in the individual's skinmay be determined by irradiating the skin at a wavelength correspondingto the peak irradiation wavelength of the subdermal biomarker anddetecting a reflection and/or absorbance at the peak detectionwavelength band of the subdermal biomarker. This may then be repeatedfor each subdermal biomarker to be analyzed to determine both theabsolute amount and the relative amount of the different subdermalbiomarkers. For example, the absolute amounts of the different types ofsubdermal biomarkers may be represented as an intensity value ofreflected and/or absorbed radiation and/or as a percentage value thatrepresents the percentage of the radiation that is reflected and/orabsorbed. Detecting the intensity to determine the amount of each typeof subdermal biomarker is described in greater detail below with respectto FIG. 8.

The individual may then be authenticated based on the determinedabsolute and relative amounts of the types of subdermal biomarkers. Forexample, system controller 110 and/or continuous authentication device500 may store previously collected biometric information for theindividual to whom continuous authentication device 500 is linked. Thisbiometric information may include, for example, the absolute andrelative amounts of different types of subdermal biomarkers in theindividual's body. System controller 110 and/or continuousauthentication device 500 may compare the stored absolute and/orrelative amounts of different types of subdermal biomarkers to themeasured absolute and/or relative amounts of different types ofsubdermal biomarkers to authenticate the individual. For example, if thedifference between the measured amounts and the previously collectedamounts is within a predetermined threshold, the individual may beauthenticated. In some embodiments, system controller 110 and/orcontinuous authentication device 500 may authenticate the individual ona continuing basis as described with respect to steps 440-470 in FIG. 4.

In some embodiments, IR or NIR may be irradiated on an individual over abroad range of wavelengths and IR or NIR reflection and/or absorbancespectra of the individual's blood may be collected over the range ofwavelengths. The spectral pattern may be collected continuously in orderto continuously authenticate an individual, for example. Thus, insteadof authenticating an individual by the relative and absolute amounts ofspecific, identified biomarkers, the individual may be authenticatedusing the reflection and/or absorbance spectra over the multiplewavelengths included in the range, without requiring full knowledge ofthe identity of each biomarker. The spectral pattern of the reflectionand/or absorbance spectra that may be obtained may result in numerouspeaks of differing height. Some of the peaks may be influenced by anumber of factors, e.g., health or nutritional status, etc. However,some of the peaks will have frequency and intensity characteristics thatremain relatively stable for a given individual over a period of time.Further, the pattern of the stable peaks may vary among individuals.

Thus, the pattern of the stable peaks may also be used to authenticatean individual by comparing the continuously collected spectra to apreviously collected spectra corresponding to the individual. Forexample, system controller 110 and/or continuous authentication device500 may store previously collected NIR and/or IR reflection and/orabsorbance spectra as biometric information for the individual to whomcontinuous authentication device 500 is linked. System controller 110and/or continuous authentication device 500 may compare the storedspectra to the measured spectra to authenticate the individual. Forexample, if the differences between the stable peaks in the spectra arewithin a predetermined threshold, the individual may be authenticated.In some embodiments, system controller 110 and/or continuousauthentication device 500 may authenticate the individual on acontinuing basis as described with respect to steps 440-470 in FIG. 4.

The predetermined threshold for authenticating the individual may becustomizable by, e.g., a system administrator. In some embodiments, thepredetermined threshold may be set based on the size of the populationthat has been granted access to the access points. For example, if thesize of the population is smaller, the threshold may be increased. Onthe other hand, if the size of the population is larger, the thresholdmay be decreased.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart 700 of a peak irradiation wavelength and peakdetection wavelength band determination process, consistent withembodiments of the present invention. The process detects a molecule'sspectral output for multiple combinations of irradiation and detectionwavelengths to determine the maximum irradiation/detection wavelengthcombination for a given molecule. The process begins at step 710 where apurified sample of a target molecule is chosen. For example, the targetmolecule may be one of the types of melanin to be used in determiningskin tone or one of the molecules to be used as a subdermal biomarker.

At step 720, the target molecule is irradiated at a predeterminedirradiation wavelength. For example, for testing the different types ofmelanin, visible light radiation may be used. Thus, the predeterminedwavelength may begin within the visible spectrum. On the other hand, fortesting different subdermal biomarkers, IR or NIR radiation may be used.Thus, the predetermined wavelength may begin within the IR or NIRspectrum.

At step 730, the reflection and/or absorbance from the molecule isdetected within a predetermined detection wavelength band. For example,for testing the different types of melanin, the predetermined detectionwavelength band may begin within the visible spectrum. On the otherhand, for testing different subdermal biomarkers, the predetermineddetection wavelength band may begin within the IR or NIR spectrum.

At step 740 it is determined whether the current detection wavelengthband is at the end of a predetermined range. For example, thepredetermined range for testing different types of melanin may be all orpart of the visible light spectrum, while the predetermined range fortesting different types of subdermal biomarkers may be all or part ofthe IR or NIR spectrum. If, at step 740 the current detection wavelengthband is not at the end of the range, the process proceeds to step 750where the wavelength band is adjusted. For example, in some embodiments,the predetermined wavelength band may begin at the shortest wavelengthof the predetermined range and may be incrementally increased by apredetermined amount at step 750. The process then returns to step 730,where the reflection and/or absorbance is detected for the updateddetection wavelength band.

If, at step 740, it is instead determined that the current detectionwavelength band is at the end of the detection wavelength range, theprocess proceeds to step 760 where it is determined if the currentirradiation wavelength is at the end of a predetermined irradiationrange. If, at step 760 it is determined that the current irradiationwavelength is not at the end of the predetermined irradiation range,then the process proceeds to step 770 where the irradiation wavelengthis adjusted. For example, the predetermined irradiation range fortesting different types of melanin may be all or part of the visiblelight spectrum, while the predetermined irradiation range for testingdifferent types of subdermal biomarkers may be all or part of the IR orNIR spectrum. If, at step 760, the current irradiation wavelength is notat the end of the irradiation range, the process proceeds to step 770where the irradiation wavelength is adjusted. For example, in someembodiments, the predetermined irradiation wavelength may begin at theshortest wavelength in the predetermined range and may be incrementallyincreased by a predetermined amount in step 770. At step 770, thedetection wavelength band is also reset to the original detectionwavelength band. The process then returns to step 720, where thereflection and/or absorbance intensity is detected for the updatedirradiation wavelengths and a new set of wavelength bands.

If, at step 760 it is determined that the irradiation wavelength is atthe end of the irradiation range, then the process proceeds to step 780.At step 780, the maximum irradiation wavelength and correspondingmaximum detection wavelength band are determined from among the variouscombinations that were used and are stored in a database as the peakirradiation wavelength and peak detection wavelength band for thatmolecule. Thus, a database may be maintained that includes the peakirradiation wavelength at which a radiation (e.g. visible light, IR,NIR, etc.) source may emit radiation to test for a molecule as well asthe peak detection wavelength band at which a sensor should becalibrated to detect radiation being reflected and/or absorbed by themolecule for each molecule to be detected.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart 800 of an exemplary process for consecutivelydetecting the presence of multiple molecules. For example, the processin flowchart 800 may be performed by continuous authentication device500 to test for the three different types of melanin and/or to test formultiple subdermal biomarkers.

The process begins at step 810 where the source irradiation wavelengthis set to the peak irradiation wavelength corresponding to the moleculeto be detected. For example, sensor 540 a of continuous authenticationdevice 500 may be a wavelength-adjustable light source, and the currentmolecule to be detected may be phaeomelanin. Thus continuousauthentication device 500 may set the wavelength at which sensor 540 awill emit radiation to the peak irradiation wavelength for phaeomelanin.This peak irradiation wavelength may have been previously determined bythe process described in flowchart 700 of FIG. 7, for example.

At step 820, the sensor detection wavelength band is set to the peakdetection wavelength band corresponding to the molecule to be detected.For example, sensor 540 b of continuous authentication device may be awavelength-adjustable light sensor. Sensor 540 b may be calibrated sothat the light being detected is constrained to a wavelength band. Thewavelength band may correspond to the peak detection wavelength band forphaeomelanin. This peak detection wavelength band may have beenpreviously determined by the process described in flowchart 700 of FIG.7, for example.

At step 830, the subject to be tested is irradiated at the sourceirradiation wavelength set in step 810. For example, an individual'sskin may be irradiated by sensor 540 a with a light having a wavelengthcorresponding to the peak irradiation wavelength of phaeomelanin.

At step 840, the intensity of the reflection and/or absorbance from thesubject being tested within the sensor detecting wavelength band isdetected. For example, sensor 540 b may detect the intensity of thelight reflection and/or absorbance from an individual's skin at the peakdetection wavelength for phaeomelanin. At step 840 the detectedreflection and/or absorbance may be saved in continuous authenticationdevice 500 and/or at system control 110 to be used to authenticate anindividual on a continuing basis.

At step 850, it is determined whether there are additional molecules todetect. For example, if skin color is being tested, as discussed above,the other two types of melanin, brown eumelanin and black eumelanin maybe tested. If, at step 850, it is determined that there are additionalmolecules to test, the process proceeds to step 860 where the moleculeto be detected is updated. For example, the molecule to be detected maybe updated to be brown eumelanin. The process then returns to step 810where steps 810-840 are repeated for the next molecule.

If, at step 850, it is determined that there are no more molecules todetect, the process ends. The detected reflection and/or absorbanceintensities for each molecule may be used to continuously authenticatean individual. For example, these intensities may be used as secondbiometric authentication information in accordance with the processdescribed in flowchart 400 of FIG. 4.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device for determining whether to grant accesscomprising: a first sensor configured to acquire biometricauthentication information, wherein the first sensor is awavelength-adjustable light sensor; a second sensor configured toacquire location authentication information; a wavelength adjustablelight-source; a processor; and memory storing one or more programsexecutable by the processor, the one or more programs includinginstructions for: linking an identified individual with the device,wherein the device is carried by the individual, and wherein the linkingcomprises identifying the individual based on first biometricauthentication information stored in a database, wherein the firstbiometric authentication information is biometric authenticationinformation of a first type; continuously acquiring second biometricauthentication information from the individual using the first sensor ofthe device and the wavelength adjustable light-source, wherein thesecond biometric authentication information is biometric authenticationinformation of a second type distinct from the first type; continuouslyacquiring location authentication information from the individual usingthe second sensor of the device; determining whether to grant access orto deny access to the identified individual based on the secondbiometric authentication information and the location authenticationinformation indicating whether the identified individual has beenpresent in a predefined location for less than a predefined amount oftime, wherein denying access to the identified individual comprisesdeactivating a communication device, in the device, such that it cannotbe energized when proximate to an access point.
 2. The device of claim1, wherein determining whether to grant access to the identifiedindividual further comprises: comparing the continuously acquired secondbiometric information to stored biometric information; in accordancewith a determination that a characteristic of the acquired secondbiometric authentication information is within a predetermined thresholdof a corresponding characteristic of the stored biometric information,granting the identified individual access.
 3. The device of claim 1,wherein determining whether to grant access or to deny access furthercomprises determining whether the location authentication informationrepresents one or more sudden changes of a location.
 4. The device ofclaim 1, wherein determining whether to grant access or to deny accessfurther comprises determining whether the location authenticationinformation represents one or more security breaches.
 5. The device ofclaim 1, wherein determining whether to grant access or to deny accessfurther comprises determining whether the location authenticationinformation indicates that the identified individual is present in alocation unrelated to a task the identified individual is performing. 6.The device of claim 1, wherein granting access to the identifiedindividual comprises granting the identified individual access to aresource or facility associated with an access point.
 7. The device ofclaim 1, wherein denying access to the identified individual comprises:denying the identified individual access to a resource or facilityassociated with an access point; and generating a signal associated withdenying access to the identified individual.
 8. The device of claim 1,wherein the first biometric authentication information comprises one ormore of fingerprint information, iris scan information, and facial imageinformation.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the second biometricauthentication information comprises one or more of ECG information,skin tone information, subdermal biomarker information, breathing rateinformation, oxygen content information, blood pressure information, andskin conductivity information.
 10. A method for determining whether togrant access comprising: linking an identified individual with thedevice, wherein the device comprises: a first sensor configured toacquire biometric authentication information, wherein the first sensoris a wavelength-adjustable light sensor, a wavelength adjustablelight-source; and a second sensor configured to acquire locationauthentication information and is carried by the individual, and whereinthe linking comprises identifying the individual based on firstbiometric authentication information stored in a database, wherein thefirst biometric authentication information is biometric authenticationinformation of a first type; continuously acquiring second biometricauthentication information from the individual using the first sensor ofthe device and the wavelength adjustable-light source, wherein thesecond biometric authentication information is biometric authenticationinformation of a second type distinct from the first type; continuouslyacquiring location authentication information from the individual usingthe second sensor of the device; determining whether to grant access orto deny access to the identified individual based on the secondbiometric authentication information and the location authenticationinformation indicating whether the identified individual has beenpresent in a predefined location for less than a predefined amount oftime, wherein denying access to the identified individual comprisesdeactivating a communication device, in the device, such that it cannotbe energized when proximate to an access point.
 11. A system fordetermining whether to grant access comprising: a device carried by anidentified individual, wherein the device comprises: a first sensorconfigured to acquire biometric authentication information, wherein thefirst sensor is a wavelength-adjustable light sensor; a wavelengthadjustable light-source; and a second sensor configured to acquirelocation authentication information; a system controller incommunication with the device, wherein the system controller comprises aprocessor and memory storing one or more programs executable by theprocessor, the one or more programs including instructions for: linkingthe identified individual with the device, and wherein the linkingcomprises identifying the individual based on first biometricauthentication information stored in a database, wherein the firstbiometric authentication information is biometric authenticationinformation of a first type; continuously acquiring second biometricauthentication information from the individual using the first sensor ofthe device and the wavelength adjustable light-source, wherein thesecond biometric authentication information is biometric authenticationinformation of a second type distinct from the first type; continuouslyacquiring location authentication information from the individual usingthe second sensor of the device; and determining whether to grant accessor to deny access to the identified individual based on the secondbiometric authentication information and the location authenticationinformation indicating whether the identified individual has beenpresent in a predefined location for less than a predefined amount oftime, wherein denying access to the identified individual comprisesdeactivating a communication device, in the device, such that it cannotbe energized when proximate to an access point.